Validation of a Scale to Measure the Psychopedagogical Needs that Hinder Academic Success in a Mexican University

Huerta Patraca, Gustavo Antonio; Torres Real, Carlos; Rodríguez Pena, Rosa Isela

doi:10.32541/recie.v10.899

Artículo de investigación • Rev. Carib. Investig. Educ. 10 • Jul-Dec 2026 • https://doi.org/10.32541/recie.v10.899 linkcopy

Validation of a Scale to Measure the Psychopedagogical Needs that Hinder Academic Success in a Mexican University

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

The article describes the design and validation process of the NEPIC scale, developed to measure the psychopedagogical needs that hinder higher education students’ academic success. This Likert-type scale comprises ten dimensions and was administered to 2,292 students at a Mexican public university. Exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory (CFA) factor analyses determined the instrument’s validity. The eight subscales yielded a global Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) index of 0.924 and a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.909. The final version contains 39 items grouped into eight factors. Consequently, the NEPIC scale demonstrates acceptable reliability and validity to assess the psychopedagogical barriers to academic success in higher education.

Keywords:
education; higher education; university student; measurement; educational psychology

Ítems	M	DE	Asimetría	Curtosis
HES1	1.74	0.896	-0.117	-0.058
HES2	0.49	0.640	1.125	1.088
HES3	1.03	0.826	0.434	-0.211
HES4	0.89	0.813	0.628	0.072
HES5	0.76	0.738	0.640	-0.058
HES6	1.16	0.862	0.375	-0.210
HES7	1.25	0.959	0.461	-0.250
HES8	1.57	1.090	0.274	-0.592
HES9	1.28	1.089	0.467	-0.600
ESA10	1.10	0.995	0.747	0.236
ESA11	1.06	0.983	0.746	0.170
ESA12	1.15	0.879	0.380	-0.299
ESA13	0.77	0.810	0.729	-0.181
ESA14	0.93	0.844	0.561	-0.175
RET15	1.48	1.067	0.301	-0.505
RET16	1.03	1.018	0.800	0.053
RET17	0.67	0.789	1.229	1.781
RET18	3.23	1.032	-1.353	1.239
RET19	1.46	1.182	0.471	-0.557
RET20	0.63	0.828	1.301	1.531
RET21	0.50	0.685	1.319	1.805
RET22	0.47	0.625	1.114	0.948
FAM23	0.76	0.905	1.121	0.839
FAM24	0.77	0.901	1.103	0.866
FAM25	0.70	0.988	1.419	1.417
FAM26	1.37	1.185	0.505	-0.649
FAM27	1.28	1.221	0.674	-0.501
FAM28	1.23	1.194	0.638	-0.552
FAM29	0.39	0.653	1.735	3.199
FAM30	0.59	0.744	1.161	1.192
REC31	0.34	0.633	2.126	5.544
REC32	0.52	0.724	1.317	1.527
REC33	0.72	0.778	0.903	0.554
REC34	0.91	0.830	0.762	0.609
REC35	0.91	0.866	0.786	0.378
REC36	0.67	0.768	0.985	0.624
REC37	0.60	0.742	1.133	1.210
REC38	0.87	0.849	0.770	0.249
EPI39	2.16	1.429	-0.148	-1.267
EPI40	2.09	1.318	-0.062	-1.106
EPI41	1.87	1.388	0.157	-1.197
EPI42	2.04	1.012	0.024	-0.210
EPI43	1.23	0.949	0.614	0.258
EPI44	0.81	0.928	1.092	0.922
DEF45	1.93	1.312	-0.054	-1.074
DEF46	1.68	1.130	0.237	-0.664
DEF47	2.19	1.097	-0.151	-0.574
DEF48	2.26	1.332	-0.302	-1.022
DEF49	2.53	1.004	-0.655	0.094
DEF50	2.07	0.996	-0.349	-0.234
DEF51	2.61	1.238	-0.617	-0.586
ATO52	1.34	1.121	0.488	-0.486
ATO53	2.25	1.222	-0.236	-0.824
ATO54	1.52	1.039	0.235	-0.546
ATO55	1.20	0.885	0.412	-0.021
ATO56	1.52	1.064	0.279	-0.591
ATO57	0.95	0.827	0.529	-0.163
ATO58	1.50	1.176	0.290	-0.762
ATO59	1.68	1.128	0.117	-0.658
MAC60	1.86	1.154	0.013	-0.701
MAC61	1.26	1.001	0.498	-0.191
MAC62	1.21	0.930	0.439	-0.135
MAC63	1.20	0.967	0.456	-0.276
MAC64	2.47	1.167	-0.468	-0.587
MAC65	1.27	0.845	0.196	-0.269
MAC66	1.67	1.160	0.151	-0.660
SAM67	1.24	0.910	0.308	-0.347
SAM68	1.32	0.915	0.253	-0.315
SAM69	1.29	1.027	0.375	-0.548
SAM70	1.41	1.083	0.370	-0.576
SAM71	1.13	0.848	0.408	-0.065
SAM72	1.05	0.939	0.607	-0.120

Dimensiones	Número de ítems	Alfa de Cronbach
Hábitos de estudio	9	.781
Estilos de aprendizaje	5	.643
Relaciones interpersonales	8	.653
Familia	8	.877
Resolución de conflictos	8	.844
Espiritual	6	.783
Desarrollo físico	7	.742
Autoestima	8	.317
Manejo de emociones	7	.318
Salud mental	6	.829
Total	72	.926

Escala	KMO	X²	gl	X²/gl	% de var	factores	ítems
HES	.82	4,881.57	36	135.59	50.0 %	2	9
RET	.77	3,188.31	21	151.82	56.3 %	2	7
FAM	.88	8,852.17	28	316.14	67.6 %	2	8
REC	.88	5,979.80	28	213.56	59.3 %	2	8
EPI	.76	4,108.21	15	273.88	65.6 %	2	6
DEF	.70	4,606.12	21	219.33	58.6 %	2	7
ATO	.79	2,216.18	10	221.61	64.8 %	2	5
SAM	.86	4,654.90	15	310.32	68.4 %	2	6

Modelo	Chi-cuadrado X²	gl	X² relativa (X²/gl)	CFI	SRMR	RMSEA	AGFI
HES	71.783	13	5.522	.981	.023	.044	.981
RET	3.205	1	3.205	.997	.007	.031	.993
FAM	51.157	8	6.395	.993	.015	.049	.981
REC	16.801	2	8.400	.993	.016	.057	.981
EPI	3.251	1	3.251	.998	.007	.031	.993
DEF	.876	1	0.876	1.000	.003	.000	.998
ATO	24.843	4	6.211	.991	.016	.048	.984
SAM	7.4072	4	1.768	.999	.008	.018	.995

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Instituto Superior de Formación Docente Salomé Ureña Calle Caonabo esq. C/ Leonardo Da Vinci, Urbanización Renacimiento, Sector Mirador Sur, Santo Domingo, República Dominicana - E-mail: vladimir.figueroa@isfodosu.edu.do

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[TFN1] Nota. HES = Hábitos de estudio; RET = Relaciones interpersonales; FAM = Familia; REC = Resolución de conflictos; EPI = Espiritual; DEF = Desarrollo físico; ATO = Autoestima; MAC = Manejo de emociones; SAM = Salud mental. (Elaboración propia).