Disparidad de género entre cardiólogos: Un estudio transversal en República Dominicana

Gender disparity among cardiologists: a cross-sectional study in the Dominican Republic

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Objective: To explore gender differences in work characteristics, discrimination, and sexual harassment among cardiologists in the Dominican Republic.

Methodology: A descriptive observational cross-sectional study was conducted between March and September 2023. The study population, composed of 51 cardiologists, was randomly selected from the Dominican Society of Cardiology (SODOCARDIO) directory. An 18-item online survey was administered to collect demographic and employment data and information on job satisfaction, career advancement, discrimination experienced, and family aspects.

Results: Of 52 cardiologists, 23 (44.2%) were women and 29 (55.8%) were men. The median age was 44.5 years. 98.1% were of Dominican nationality. Men had greater job satisfaction (52.9%) and greater satisfaction with cardiology (67.9%). Seventy-five percent of the women and 100% of the men indicated that colleagues had discriminated against them. Most of the women had suffered sexual harassment in the workplace, both from colleagues and superiors.

Conclusion: Gender disparity in cardiology in the Dominican Republic affects work representation, leadership roles, and remuneration, demonstrating the need for measures to promote equality and address discrimination and sexual harassment.

Keywords:
cardiology; gender disparity; Dominican Republic

Variables	Total (n=52) (100%)	Hombres (n=29) (55.8%)	Mujeres (n=23) (44.2%)	Valor de p
Edad ¹	44.5 [38.0;56.0]	53.0 [43.0;62.0]	41.0 [38.0;45.0]	0.033*
Edad por categorías ²				0.009*
≤ 50 años	34 (65.4%)	14 (48.3%)	20 (87.0%)
> 50 años	18 (34.6%)	15 (51.7%)	3 (13.0%)
Nacionalidad ²				1.000
Dominicano/a	51 (98.1%)	28 (96.6%)	23 (100%)
Venezolano/a	1 (1.92%)	1 (3.45%)	0 (0.00%)
Estado Civil ²				0.016*
Casado/a	35 (67.3%)	3 (10.3%)	7 (30.4%)
Divorciado/a	1 (1.92%)	24 (82.8%)	11 (47.8%)
Soltero/a	10 (19.2%)	1 (3.45%)	2 (8.70%)
Unión libre	3 (5.77%)	0 (0.00%)	3 (13.0%)
Viudo/a	3 (5.77%)	1 (3.45%)	0 (0.00%)
No. de hijos ²				0.679
Sin hijos/as	2 (4.17%)	1 (3.45%)	1 (5.26%)
1-2 hijos/as	26 (54.2%)	14 (48.3%)	12 (63.2%)
3-4 hijos/as	18 (37.5%)	12 (41.4%)	6 (31.6%)
≥ 5 hijos/as	2 (4.17%)	2 (6.90%)	0 (0.00%)
Zona de Práctica Profesional ²				0.747
Zona Rural	2 (3.85%)	26 (89.7%)	22 (95.7%)
Zona Urbana	48 (92.3%)	2 (6.90%)	0 (0.00%)
Ambos	2 (3.85%)	1 (3.45%)	1 (4.35%)
Provincia ²
Santo Domingo	21 (40.4%)	14 (48.3%)	7 (30.4%)
La vega	4 (7.69%)	3 (10.3%)	1 (4.35%)
Santiago de los Caballeros	15 (28.8%)	6 (20.7%)	9 (39.1%)
Distrito Nacional	12 (23.1%)	5 (17.2%)	7 (30.4%)
Puerto Plata	1 (1.92%)	1 (3.45%)	0 (0.00%)
Espaillat	1 (1.92%)	0 (0.00%)	1 (4.35%)
Azua	2 (3.85%)	1 (3.45%)	1 (4.35%)
Peravia	1 (1.92%)	0 (0.00%)	1 (4.35%)
La Romana	2 (3.85%)	2 (6.90%)	0 (0.00%)
San Pedro de Macorís	2 (3.85%)	2 (6.90%)	0 (0.00%)
Barahona	1 (1.92%)	1 (3.45%)	0 (0.00%)
Duarte	1 (1.92%)	0 (0.00%)	1 (4.35%)
La Altagracia	1 (1.92%)	1 (3.45%)	0 (0.00%)

Variables	Total (n=52) (100%)	Hombres (n=29) (55.8%)	Mujeres (n=23) (44.2%)	Valor de p
Años de práctica como especialista ¹	13.0 [5.00;25.0]	14.0 [11.0;29.0]	8.50 [4.25;18.8]	0.056
Años de práctica por rango ²				0.071
≤ 5 años	15 (29.4%)	6 (20.7%)	9 (40.9%)
6-10 años	6 (11.8%)	1 (3.45%)	5 (22.7%)
11-15 años	10 (19.6%)	8 (27.6%)	2 (9.09%)
16-20 años	3 (5.88%)	1 (3.45%)	2 (9.09%)
21-25 años	5 (9.80%)	3 (10.3%)	2 (9.09%)
26-30 años	7 (13.7%)	6 (20.7%)	1 (4.55%)
31-35 años	2 (3.92%)	2 (6.90%)	0 (0.00%)
36-40 años	2 (3.92%)	1 (3.45%)	1 (4.55%)
41-45 años	1 (1.96%)	1 (3.45%)	0 (0.00%)
Cardiólogos que laboran actualmente ²	50 (98.0%)	27 (96.4%)	23 (100%)	1.000
No. horas de trabajo al día ¹	9.00 [8.00;10.0]	8.00 [8.00;10.0]	9.00 [8.00;11.0]	0.190
No. horas de trabajo por rango ²				0.270
5-8 horas/día	21 (46.7%)	14 (56.0%)	7 (35.0%)
9-12 horas/día	24 (53.3%)	11 (44.0%)	13 (65.0%)
Cardiólogos con cargo administrativo ²	16 (32.0%)	11 (40.7%)	5 (21.7%)	0.258

Variables	Total (n=52) (100%)	Hombres (n=29) (55.8%)	Mujeres (n=23) (44.2%)	Valor de p
Cardiólogos con sub-especialidad ¹	35 (67.3%)	17 (58.6%)	18 (78.3%)	0.229
Tipos de sub-especialidad ¹
Cardiología Intervencionista	7 (20.0%)	6 (35.3%)	1 (5.56%)	0.041*
Cardiología Pediátrica	2 (5.71%)	0 (0.00%)	2 (11.1%)	0.486
Ecocardiografía	21 (60.0%)	11 (64.7%)	10 (55.6%)	0.836
Imagen Cardíaca	2 (5.71%)	0 (0.00%)	2 (11.1%)	0.486
Rehabilitación Cardíaca	1 (2.86%)	0 (0.00%)	1 (5.56%)	1.000
Terapia Intensiva Cardiológica	4 (11.4%)	1 (5.88%)	3 (16.7%)	0.603
Sector de trabajo ¹
Práctica en el sector privado	52 (100%)	29 (100%)	23 (100%)	--
Práctica en el sector público	24 (46.2%)	15 (51.7%)	9 (39.1%)	0.532
Práctica como docente	15 (28.8%)	10 (34.5%)	5 (21.7%)	0.484
Práctica en el área de investigación	4 (7.69%)	3 (10.3%)	1 (4.35%)	0.621
Perfil científico ¹
Autor o co-autor de artículos científicos	36 (69.2%)	17 (58.6%)	19 (82.6%)	0.119
No. publicaciones científicas ¹				0.667
1-3 publicaciones	20 (57.1%)	9 (56.2%)	11 (57.9%)
4-6 publicaciones	7 (20.0%)	2 (12.5%)	5 (26.3%)
7-8 publicaciones	3 (8.57%)	2 (12.5%)	1 (5.26%)
> 10 publicaciones	5 (14.3%)	3 (18.8%)	2 (10.5%)

Variables	Total (n=52) (100%)	Hombres (n=29) (55.8%)	Mujeres (n=23) (44.2%)	Valor de p
Satisfacción crecimiento profesional-científico ¹¹				0.357
Muy insatisfecho	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)
Insatisfecho	1 (2.78%)	0 (0.00%)	1 (5.26%)
Neutro	9 (25.00%)	3 (17.6%)	6 (31.6%)
Satisfecho	12 (33.33%)	5 (29.4%)	7 (36.8%)
Muy satisfecho	14 (38.89%)	9 (52.9%)	5 (26.3%)
Interferencia entre trabajo y familia ¹				0.119
Muy en desacuerdo	10 (19.23%)	7 (24.1%)	3 (13.0%)
En desacuerdo	9 (17.31%)	8 (27.6%)	1 (4.35%)
Indeciso	16 (30.77%)	7 (24.1%)	9 (39.1%)
De acuerdo	9 (17.31%)	4 (13.8%)	5 (21.7%)
Muy de acuerdo	8 (15.38%)	3 (10.3%)	5 (21.7%)
Satisfacción con el ejercicio de cardiología ¹				0.723
Muy insatisfecho	1 (1.96%)	0 (0.00%)	1 (4.35%)
Insatisfecho	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)
Neutro	2 (3.92%)	1 (3.57%)	1 (4.35%)
Satisfecho	16 (31.37%)	8 (28.6%)	8 (34.8%)
Muy satisfecho	32 (62.74%)	19 (67.9%)	13 (56.5%)
Ingresos mensuales (USD) ¹	Total (n=49) (100%)	Hombres (n=26) (53.06%)	Mujeres (n=23) (46.94%)	0.326
< 1,000 USD	4 (8.16%)	3 (11.5%)	1 (4.35%)
1,001-2,500 USD	6 (12.24%)	2 (7.69%)	4 (17.4%)
2,501-5,000 USD	16 (32.70%)	9 (34.6%)	7 (30.4%)
5,001-10,000 USD	17 (34.70%)	7 (26.9%)	10 (43.5%)
> 10,000 USD	6 (12.24%)	5 (19.2%)	1 (4.35%)

Variables	Mujeres ¹ N=23	Hombres ¹ N=29	OR ²	Valor de p
Discriminación
Discriminación en la práctica laboral	34.8% [16.4%;57.3%]	13.8% [3.89%;31.7%]	3.20 [0.84;14.3]	0.146
Discriminación por parte de pacientes	37.5% [8.52%;75.5%]	25.0% [0.63%;80.6%]	1.64 [0.11;62.3]	1.000
Discriminación por parte de colegas	75.0% [34.9%;96.8%]	100% [39.8%;100%]	--	0.515
Discriminación por parte de superiores	75.0% [34.9%;96.8%]	25.0% [0.63%;80.6%]	6.87 [0.50;271]	0.222
Acoso sexual
Acoso sexual en la práctica laboral	21.7% [7.46%;43.7%]	10.3% [2.19%;27.4%]	2.33 [0.49;13.4]	0.441
Acoso sexual por parte de pacientes	0.00% [0.00%;52.2%]	100% [29.2%;100%]	--	0.018*
Acoso sexual por parte de colegas	80.0% [28.4%;99.5%]	33.3% [0.84%;90.6%]	5.64 [0.24;287]	0.464
Acoso sexual por parte de superiores	60.0% [14.7%;94.7%]	0.00% [0.00%;70.8%]	--	0.196
Barreras laborales
Barreras laborales por Desigualdad salarial	14.3% [3.05%;36.3%]	21.7% [7.46%;43.7%]	0.62 [0.11;3.03]	0.701
Barreras laborales por discriminación por género	23.8% [8.22%;47.2%]	0.00% [0.00%;14.8%]	--	0.019*
Barreras laborales por Falta de oportunidades de crecimiento laboral	33.3% [14.6%;57.0%]	34.8% [16.4%;57.3%]	0.94 [0.26;3.37]	1.000
Barreras laborales por desequilibrio entre vida personal y laboral	42.9% [21.8%;66.0%]	17.4% [4.95%;38.8%]	3.40 [0.88;15.6]	0.129
Barreras laborales por remuneración inadecuada	52.4% [29.8%;74.3%]	78.3% [56.3%;92.5%]	0.32 [0.08;1.16]	0.136
Ingresos mensuales (USD)				0.326
< 1,000 USD	4.35% [0.11%;21.9%]	11.5% [2.45%;30.2%]	0.21 [0.01;3.23]
1,001-2,500 USD	17.4% [4.95%;38.8%]	7.69% [0.95%;25.1%]	--
2,501-5,000 USD	30.4% [13.2%;52.9%]	34.6% [17.2%;55.7%]	0.42 [0.04;2.98]
5,001-10,000 USD	43.5% [23.2%;65.5%]	26.9% [11.6%;47.8%]	0.74 [0.07;5.32]
> 10,000 USD	4.35% [0.11%;21.9%]	19.2% [6.55%;39.4%]	0.13 [0.00;1.69]

Variables	Cardiólogos que perciben barreras por remuneración económica
	Hombres ¹			Mujeres ¹
	Sí N=18	No N=5	Valor de p	Sí N=11	No N=10	Valor de p
Cardiólogos con sub-especialidad	72.2% [46.5%;90.3%]	20.0% [0.51%;71.6%]	0.056	81.8% [48.2%;97.7%]	90.0% [55.5%;99.7%]	1.000
Ingresos mensuales (USD):			0.336			0.101
< 1,000 USD	12.5% [1.55%;38.3%]	25.0% [0.63%;80.6%]		9.09% [0.23%;41.3%]	0.00% [0.00%;30.8%]
1,001-2,500 USD	12.5% [1.55%;38.3%]	0.00% [0.00%;60.2%]		36.4% [10.9%;69.2%]	0.00% [0.00%;30.8%]
2,501-5,000 USD	12.5% [1.55%;38.3%]	50.0% [6.76%;93.2%]		18.2% [2.28%;51.8%]	50.0% [18.7%;81.3%]
5,001-10,000 USD	37.5% [15.2%;64.6%]	0.00% [0.00%;60.2%]		36.4% [10.9%;69.2%]	40.0% [12.2%;73.8%]
> 10,000 USD	25.0% [7.27%;52.4%]	25.0% [0.63%;80.6%]		0.00% [0.00%;28.5%]	10.0% [0.25%;44.5%]

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Instituto Tecnológico de Santo Domingo Santo Domingo DN, Dominican Republic Av. Los Próceres, Jardines del Norte. P.O. Box 342-9 and 249-2 - E-mail: manuel.colome@intec.edu.do

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[TFN1] ^1.
Resultados en Mediana [Q1, Q3];

[TFN2] ^2.
Resultados en n (%);

[TFN3] ^*
Estadísticamente significativo (p < 0.05)