Abstract

This article analyzes the new threats to human security in the 21st century from a multidimensional perspective, with a focus on Ecuador and its Latin American context. Based on a qualitative documentary study, five priority threats are identified that synergistically impact the economic, social, political, and environmental dimensions of well-being: transnational organized crime, climate crisis, forced migration, cyber risks, and pandemics. The general objective is to analyze these threats from a human security perspective, with the following specific objectives: (1) examine the conceptual evolution of human security and its regional relevance; (2) identify the main contemporary threats faced by Ecuador; (3) analyze their multidimensional impacts; and (4) assess institutional and international cooperation responses. The case of Guayaquil is presented as an empirical illustration of a complex crisis. The analysis reveals how these threats transcend traditional state-centered security frameworks and demand comprehensive responses focused on the protection of individuals. In this context, the article discusses the tensions between the securitized paradigm and the human security approach, proposing the latter as a more effective, inclusive, and sustainable alternative for public policy design.

Keywords:
Human security; contemporary threats; multidimensional approach; Ecuador; international cooperation